CNS photo/Gregory A. Shemitz

WASHINGTON (CNS)—Pope Francis’ address to the U.N. General Assembly Sept. 25 will mark the fifth papal speech delivered directly to representatives of the world’s governments.

His address will come almost 50 years to the day—Oct. 4, 1965—when Blessed Paul VI became the first pontiff to speak to the General Assembly in what has become a hallmark of recent papal history.

While the exact content of Pope Francis’ message will not be revealed until he delivers his address, it’s almost assured that topics revolving around human dignity that form the foundation of the Christian life—concern for poor and marginalized people, migrants seeking security, care for the environment—will be prominent themes in his speech.

Pope Francis’ three predecessors who spoke to the General Assembly—Blessed Paul VI, St. John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI—addressed issues reflecting the great social and political challenges of their era. There is no reason to believe Pope Francis will change course, especially at a time when the world is confronting serious challenges to the well-being of humanity.

Blessed Paul VI urged unification of countries

Blessed Paul VI made history in 1965, as the Second Vatican Council was ending, when he became the first pope to address the U.N. Outside of the significant changes that were about to remake the Catholic Church, the world was in the midst of the Cold War and the threat of nuclear war formed the backdrop of Blessed Paul’s concerns.

Pointing to the U.N.’s charter, which identified the unification of countries for the betterment of humanity as a primary purpose of the world body, Blessed Paul urged the world leaders to “make yourselves equal in an attempt to overcome pride, which leads to conflict and even war.

“Let no one as a member of your organization be superior to others; not one over the other. This is the formula for equality. … Not that you are all equal, but here you make yourselves equal. And it may well be that for a number of you this calls for an act of great virtue,” Blessed Paul said.

From there, quoting President John F. Kennedy, Blessed Paul urged the world representatives to put an end to war: “Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind.”

“It is enough to recall that the blood of millions, countless unheard of sufferings, useless massacres and frightening ruins have sanctioned the agreement that unites you with an oath that ought to change the future history of the world: never again war, never again war. It is peace, peace that has to guide the destiny of the nations of all mankind,” Blessed Paul pleaded.

St. John Paul II: War is affront to human dignity

By 1979, with the Cold War continuing, St. John Paul II was the new vicar of Christ leading the church. His emphasis on the primacy of human dignity was being formulated and was becoming the basis for the work of justice throughout the Catholic Church worldwide.

At the 34th U.N. General Assembly Oct. 2, St. John Paul held up the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for all action by the world body. He argued that each man and woman is “endowed with dignity as a human person, with his or her own culture, experiences and aspirations, tensions and sufferings and legitimate expectations.”

Referencing the declaration, he said, “This document is a milestone on the long and difficult path of the human race. The progress of humanity must be measured not only by the progress of science and technology, which shows man’s uniqueness with regard to nature, but also and chiefly by the primacy given to spiritual values and by the progress of moral life.”

He also questioned the morality of the arms race involving both conventional and nuclear weapons. He said the willingness of nations to seek new and more sophisticated weapons shows “that there is a desire to be ready for war and being ready means being able to start it.”

In St. John Paul’s way of thinking, war was an affront to human dignity and infringed upon basic human rights.

St. John Paul also called on the U.N. to protect a variety of rights including the right to life. Without mentioning abortion, there was no doubt what he was implying. He also listed numerous other rights, such as safety and security; liberty, food, clothing, housing, health care, rest and leisure; freedom of expression, education and culture; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; and freedom of movement, to internal and external migration.

Pope called for ‘fundamental commonality”

Addressing the General Assembly a second time, Oct. 5, 1995, on its 50th anniversary, St. John Paul had seen that the nuclear tensions of the Cold War-era had eased. However, ethnic tensions in places such as the Balkans and Central Africa as well as the rise of armed insurgencies seeking to impose strict Islamic law throughout the Middle East had emerged.

Acceptance of differences among people and cultures became one of St. John Paul’s key messages to the U.N. He again held up the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the guide for world action. Stressing the “fundamental commonality” among people, St. John Paul called for a sense of solidarity with persecuted people to emerge in U.N. deliberations.

“From bitter experience, we know that the fear of ‘difference,’ especially when it expresses itself in a narrow and exclusive nationalism which denies any rights to ‘the other,’ can lead to a true nightmare of violence and terror. … For different cultures are but different ways of facing the question of the meaning of personal existence. And it is precisely here that we find one source of the respect which is due to every culture and every nation: Every culture is an effort to ponder the mystery of the world and in particular of the human person; it is a way of giving expression to the transcendent dimension of human life. The heart of every culture is its approach to the greatest of all mysteries: the mystery of God,” he said.

He also issued a call for the world body to build a “family of nations” that would lead to “mutual trust, mutual support and sincere respect.”

Addressing the ‘negative effects of globalization’

Pope Francis’ predecessor, Pope Benedict, addressed the U.N. April 18, 2008, during his only trip to the United States. Pope Benedict took the themes of early papal addresses and reiterated the call for the respect of human dignity, religious freedom and the just distribution of goods to build the human family.

Concern for the lack of “integral development” of African and other unspecified nations as globalization swept the world was the first major concern Pope Benedict discussed in his address. He said many nations were “at risk of experiencing only the negative effects of globalization.”

He said religious freedom in particular must be upheld because of the great contribution of religious belief to humanity and history.

He also called for the U.N. to promote human rights as “the most effective strategy for eliminating inequalities between countries and social groups and for increasing security.” He cited the renewed emphasis on the principle of “the responsibility to protect” that nations must undertake when vulnerable communities are threatened.

“Every state has the primary duty to protect its own population from grave and sustained violations of human rights as well as from the consequences of humanitarian crises, whether natural or man-made. … What is needed,” he said, “is a deeper search for ways of preempting and managing conflicts by exploring every possible diplomatic avenue, and giving attention and encouragement to even the faintest sign of dialogue or desire for reconciliation.”

As a priest from the developing world, Pope Francis will likely build on these themes and offer his own views on contemporary concerns based on his experiences with the poor and vulnerable in his native Argentina.